Purification, isolation, and structure characterization of water soluble and insoluble polysaccharides from Maitake fruiting body.

The crude polysaccharides (GFP) were isolated from the Maitake fruiting body (Grifola frondosa) and purified by DEAE Cellulose-52 ionic-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography in that order. Five main fractions, GFP-1 to GFP-5 were obtained through the isolation and purification steps. Free sugars were isolated by G-25 gel filtration chromatography and identified glucose and (α,α)-trehalose by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). GC-MS and methylation analysis that linkages were mainly ß-1,3 and ß-1,6, ß-1,4 and ß-1,2 bonds in WIP. Seven main oligomer products were detected and their structures characterized by mass spectrum. Experimental results shown the similarity in structure between water soluble polysaccharides (WSP) and water insoluble polysaccharides (WIP), thus WSP can be the product of cell wall by breakdown.

Experimental analysis on the main contents of Rhizoma gastrodiae extract and inter-transformation throughout the fermentation process of Grifola frondosa.

Gastrodin (GA), p-hydroxylbenzaldehyde (HBA), p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin, HA) and parishin not only are the major active ingredients of Rhizoma gastrodiae, but exist transformed relations from each other throughout the fermentation process of Grifola frondosa in this work. We had found that parishin (non-free gastrodin) almost could completely transformed into gastrodin (GA, free gastrodin) after R. gastrodiae alcohol extract was sterilized by moist heat (121 °C, 30 min), but before was added into submerged cultivation of G. frondosa. However, interestingly and importantly, gastrodin re-synthesized of parishin after R. gastrodiae alcohol extract's addition into submerged cultivation of G. frondosa. In addition, the reduction of p-hydroxylbenzaldehyde and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in G. frondosa fermentation process reconfirmed that the G. frondosa strain 51616 really could synthesize gastrodin into parishin by submerged fermentation. This paper firstly also reported G. frondosa's effects on R. gastrodiae.

Cultivo biotecnológico de macrohongos comestibles: una alternativa en la obtención de nutracéuticos / Biotechnological cultivation of edible macrofungi: an alternative for obtaining nutraceutics

Los macromicetos han sido parte de la cultura humana desde hace miles de años y aparecen descritos como alimento humano en las más importantes civilizaciones de la historia. Se han descrito muchísimas propiedades nutricéuticas de los macromicetos, como sus propiedades anticancerígenas y antitumorales, hipocolesterolémicas, antivirales, antibacterianas, o inmunomoduladoras, entre otras. Dado que la producción de hongos por cultivo tradicional y la extracción de los metabolitos bioactivos en algunos casos son muy dispendiosas, la biotecnología es fundamental para el desarrollo de técnicas rentables y productivas para la obtención de estos metabolitos. Es el desarrollo de esta tecnología y la facilidad que proporciona en cuanto al manejo de sus variables, lo que ha permitido realizar el cultivo en medio líquido del micelio de macrohongos con significativa reducción de tiempo y aumento en la producción de sus metabolitos, lo que ha impulsado aún más su obtención y el estudio de compuestos con potencial como medicamentos, nutricéuticos y cuasifarmacéuticos tanto del medio agotado como del micelio. El objetivo de esta revisión es el de ofrecer una visión general de la utilización de la fermentación en estado líquido como herramienta tecnológica para la obtención de hongos comestibles, su estudio y el de sus bioactivos, mediante la descripción de las diferentes condiciones de cultivo que en los últimos años se han empleado, así como los resultados obtenidos. Se discutirá lo correspondiente a los géneros Agaricus, Flammulina, Grifola, Pleurotus y Lentinula, con énfasis en este último, dado que el Shiitake ha sido considerado desde siempre como el hongo medicinal por excelencia(AU)

Macromycetes have been part of the human culture for thousand years, and have been reported as food in the most important civilizations in history. Many nutraceutical properties of macromycetes have been described, such as anti-cancer, anti-tumour, cholesterol lowering, antiviral, antibacterial, or immunomodulatory, among others. Given that production of mushrooms by traditional cultivation and extraction of bioactive metabolites is very difficult in some cases, biotechnology is essential for the development of profitable and productive techniques for obtaining these metabolites. It is the development of this technology, and the ease in which it enables the use of its variables that has allowed mycelium to be cultivated in liquid medium of macrofungi, with a significant reduction in time and an increased production of metabolites. This increased production has led to the study of compounds that have medicinal, nutriceutical and quasi-farmaceutical potential, in the exhausted media and the mycelium. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of liquid-state fermentation as a technological tool for obtaining edible fungi, and the study of these and their metabolites, by describing the different cultivation conditions used in recent years, as well as the results obtained. The relevance of Agaricus, Flammulina, Grifola, Pleurotus and Lentinula genera, will also be discussed, with emphasis on the last one, since Shiitake has been always considered as the ultimate medicinal mushroom(AU)

Lignin degradation, ligninolytic enzymes activities and exopolysaccharide production by Grifola frondosa strains cultivated on oak sawdust

Fourteen strains of Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) S. F. Gray, originating from different regions (Asia, Europe and North America) were tested for lignin degradation, ligninolytic enzyme activities, protein accumulation and exopolysaccharide production during 55 days of cultivation on oak sawdust. Lignin degradation varied from 2.6 to7.1 percent of dry weight of the oak sawdust substrate among tested strains. The loss of dry matter in all screened fungi varied between 11.7 and 33.0 percent, and the amount of crude protein in the dry substrate varied between 0.94 to 2.55 percent. The strain, MBFBL 596, had the highest laccase activity (703.3 U/l), and the maximum peroxidase activity of 22.6 U/l was shown by the strain MBFBL 684. Several tested strains (MBFBL 21, 638 and 662) appeared to be good producers of exopolysaccharides (3.5, 3.5 and 3.2 mg/ml respectively).